A lab experiment suggests that cell-like bubbles may not form in the moon’s methane lakes
A lab simulation of Titan may burst the bubble of scientists who hoped cell-like spheres might form in the moon’s methane lakes (some seen here in radar images taken by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft).
Hopes for life inside bubbles on Titan have deflated.
Oceans of liquid methane and ethane on Saturn’s biggest moon may not support the formation of cell-like spheres called azotosomes, researchers report March 11 in Science Advances.
Titan doesn’t have liquid water and is so cold that membranes like those that encase cells and organelles in Earth organisms would freeze and shatter there. That would normally exclude the moon as a likely place for life. But in 2015, some computer simulations suggested that a component of synthetic rubber called vinyl cyanide, or acrylonitrile, could make azotosomes in liquid methane. If true, that might mean that life on Titan is possible because the compound could make protective shells around any possible cells on the moon. A later simulation, though, predicted that azotosomes couldn’t self-assemble on Titan.
No lab experiments have been done to see which simulation is right, says planetary scientist Tuan Vu of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. So Vu and JPL colleague Robert Hodyss devised an experiment in which they sprinkled solid vinyl cyanide over supercold liquid ethane or liquid methane.
That mimics “one way that they can come into contact on Titan, when you have acrylonitrile forming in the atmosphere [and] coming down onto the surface where it condensed as a solid, and it comes into contact with a lake,” Vu says.
Liquid ethane and vinyl cyanide form crystals together, not bubbles, the researchers found. And no azotosomes formed in liquid methane either. Those results seem to pop the bubble hypothesis.
But the experiment doesn’t rule out life on Titan, Vu says. There may be other ways azotosomes could form, he says. Or perhaps Titanic life-forms don’t need azotosomes.
“We tend to interpret life as we know it, because that’s the only form of life that we know,” Vu says. “But on Titan it could be life as we don’t know.”
Kauneuden ja rauhan keskellä oleminen auttaa unen laatua.
Jos puiden kauneutta vertaa ihmisiin, olemme osa luontoa.
Liikkuessamme luonnossa, mieli rauhoittuu ja osa meistä keskustelee luonnon olemuksen kanssa. Hengitämme samaa ilmaa puiden, kivien ja eläinten kanssa.
Yhteistyössä on voimaa
Kun keskustelemme luonnosta, on usein asetelma me – se. Olemme kuitenkin kaikki yhteistä ekosysteemiä, joka jatkuu, vaikka ihmisinä kuolemme pois tai puun lehdet putoavat puusta syksyn tullen. Lehdet mätänevät maassa, kuten mekin. Meistä syntyy uusia ihmisiä ja puuhun uudet lehdet, kun kevät saapuu. Tähän kaikkeen kiertokulkuun tarvitsemme toisiamme tukemaan tätä uudistumista ja elämisen vaiheita varten.
Säästäkäämme toisiamme
On huonoa suunnittelua, jos tuhoamme kaiken luonnon joko käyttämällä sen antamaa ainesta liian nopealla tahdilla tai muilla tuhoavilla menetelmillä. Samalla tavalla ihmisten liian nopea elämäntapa kuluttaa elämän lyhyessä ajassa. Metsäkin tarvitsee tukea. Taudit puissa ja maaperän saastuminen ovat ihmisten autettavissa, kuten suojeluksessakin.
Tukekaamme toisiamme koko elämän alueella, niin luonnossa liikkuessamme kuin elämän polkua kulkiessammekin.
Luonto
puut
eläimet
marjat
sienet
kivet
Luontoa olemme kaikki
Luonnon tilan tutkiminen on jokaisen oikeus ja velvollisuus. Antakaamme luonnon elää ja sopeutua tuleviin ilmastonmuutoksen velvoittamiin toimenpiteisiin. Voimme auttaa kehityksen kulkua huomioimalla luonnon liikehdintää ja toipumistapoja.
Ever since Asterix put the leaves given him by a Phoenician merchant into the hot water that the Bretons drank, and until recently, the way for the preparation of good tea has been exclusive to the British.
Asterix in Britain
Traditional preparation of tea
According to Carol, my English teacher, the preparation of a good tea is as follows:
Heat water in a kettle. Here you can see how to choose a good kettle.
Then, pour some hot water into a mug to warm it up and dispose of it
After that, place the tea leaves or tea bag in the cup
And finally, pour the hot water into the cup and leave it for a few minutes depending on the type of tea.
Scientific preparation of tea
However, after years of research in the extraction of components from natural products, Dr. Quan Vuong, from the University of Newcastle, in Australia, has concluded that the best way to prepare a good tea is with the use of the microwave and not only that but also adding the tea leaves in the microwave for a few seconds!!!!. According to Dr. Vuong, the way to prepare a good tea would be as follows:
Pour some hot water in a cup with the tea leaves or the tea bag.
Then, heat in the microwave for about 30 seconds at medium power
And finally, leave 1 minute and remove the tea from the cup
Microwave to produce good tea
Despite the fact that Dr. Vuong had already reached this conclusion years ago, until these days it has not been expanded on social networks, due to the television series Broadchurch, where the actor David Tennant making himself tea with the use of a microwave. With the premiere of the episode, numerous complaints and comments flooded social networks, how could you extract a tea in the microwave?
In addition, according to the research of Dr. Vuong, the use of the microwave improves the separation of some of the main components of the flavor of tea such as caffeine, theanine, and some phenolic compounds, up to 80%. In addition, some of these substances such as theanine, or catechin phenolic compounds, or flavonoids, have been shown to have numerous antioxidant effects that are beneficial to health, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Vuong, 2014). Thus, the use of the microwave would not only enhance the flavor of the infusion but also the benefits it would bring to our health.
Solid-liquid extraction
In chemical engineering research, one of the main stages for the separation of components of solid materials is through the unit operation of solid-liquid extraction. In this operation, the transfer of the components from the solid to the liquid depends mainly on two mechanisms: (i) the solubility of the substance being extracted and (ii) the diffusion or transport mechanism within the solid and the liquid. The solubility depends fundamentally on the liquid with which it is being extracted and, on the temperature, the higher the temperature, the greater the solubility. However, in the case of tea, the temperature and the liquid almost remain unchanged, so we must improve the diffusion process instead of the solubility process, and it is precisely the diffusion mechanism that can be improved with the use of microwave extraction processes or even through ultrasound processes.
Curiosity
The word leaching, solid-liquid extraction whose objective is to separate components from a solid to a liquid, depending on the application, is sometimes called percolation. In this sense, some of the coffee machines are called percolation machines.
From this perspective, it is believed that the name of the café from the Friends series, Central Perk, is inspired by the double meaning of Central Park and the coffee obtained by percolation.
Conclusion
Forgetting the milk controversy, which can be used for another post, I encourage you to try both methods of preparing a tea at home and decide which is the best for you. The enjoyment of each one can be different.
Vuong, QV. 2014. Epidemiological Evidence Linking Tea Consumption to Human Health: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54: 523-536.
Vuong QV, Bowyer MC, Roach PD. 2011. L‐Theanine: properties, synthesis and isolation from tea. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 91(11): 1931-1939.
